The Secret Dulce underground base and the Grey Alien conspiracy

Dulce Base is the unofficial name for an alleged secret underground facility under the Archuleta Mesa in Dulce, New Mexico, United States.
Paul Bennewitz, employed at a filtration manufacturer with government contracts was the first to raise claims of a secret base in New Mexico

The Dulce underground base in fiction

• In the alternate history anthology Alternate Presidents, Michael Dukakis is revealed to be an alien upon being taken to Dulce Base, which causes the Base's personnel to rewrite history to allow George H. W. Bush to be elected President instead.
• Dulce Base is key in the Area 51 novels.
• According to Valve, the game Half-Life was based on the Dulce Base lore.
• Dulce Base appeared in the comic series The Invisibles, where it housed a secret AIDS vaccine.
• Dulce Base and Archuleta Mesa played a major role in the early run of the "Outlanders" series of novels from Gold Eagle.

 

The Dulce underground base on Television 

The Dulce Base was the subject of an episode of the History Channel program UFO Hunters. In the second episode of the show's third season, the investigators travelled to Dulce to interview residents, witnesses, and fellow investigators, as well as get a closer look at the Archuleta Mesa, under which the base is reportedly hidden. Although there was evidence of cattle mutilation and several witness reports of seeing UFOs in the area, no hard evidence as to the facility's existence was discovered during the investigation.

UFO Hunters -- S03E02 - Underground Alien Bases

Taken from the book, Entrances to Subterranean Tunnels "Underground Alien Bases"An underground Military Base/Laboratory in Dulce, New Mexico connects with the underground network of tunnels which honeycombs our planet, and the lower levels of this base are allegedly under the control of Inner Earth beings or Aliens. This base is connected to Los Alamos research facilities via an underground "tube-shuttle." (It can be assumed that such a shuttle way would be a straight-line construction. It should then be possible, by using maps and some deduction, to determine the most likely location of this base, especially since the general location is already known.)

Beginning in 1947, a road was built near the Dulce Base, under the cover of a lumber company. No lumber was ever hauled, and the road was later destroyed. Navajo Dam is the Dulce Base's main source of power, though a second source is in El Vado (which is also another entrance). (Note: The above facts should also help to locate the base.) Most of the lakes near Dulce were made via government grants "for" the Indians. (Note: The September, 1983 issue of Omni (Pg. 80) has a color drawing of 'The Subterrene,' the Los Alamos nuclear-powered tunnel machine that burrows through the rock, deep underground, by heating whatever stone it encounters into molten rock, which cools after the Subterrene has moved on. The result is a tunnel with a smooth, glazing lining.)" (Note: Where would the molten rock go? And what has been done with this concept since 1983?)

UFONAUT News: Underground Dulce Base Whistleblower - Colonel X

(Excerpt from "Cosmic Top Secret" by William H. Hamilton III)  
"Dulce is a sleepy little town in northern New Mexico of about 900 population located above 7,000 feet on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation. There is only one major motel and a few stores. It's not a resort town and it is not bustling with activity. But, according to a few outsiders, Dulce harbors a deep, dark secret. The secret is harbored deep below the tangled brush of Archuleta Mesa. The secret is said to be a joint government-alien biogenetic laboratory designed to carry out bizarre experiments on humans and animals.

New Mexico State Police Officer Gabe Valdez was drawn into the mysteries of Dulce when called to investigate a mutilated cow in a pasture 13 miles east of Dulce on the Manual Gomez ranch. Gomez had lost four cattle to mutilations between 1976 and June 1978 when a team of investigators which included Tom Adams arrived from Paris, Texas to examine the site of the carcasses.

Curious as to how cattle were being selected by the mysterious mutilators, an interesting experiment was conducted on July 5, 1978 by Valdez, Gomez, and retired scientist Howard Burgess. They pinned up about 120 of the Gomez beef cattle and moved them through a squeeze chute under an ultraviolet light. They found a "glittery substance on the right side of the neck, the right ear, and the right leg." Samples of the affected hides were removed as well as control samples from the same animals. Schoenfeld Clinical Laboratories in Albuquerque analyzed the samples and found significant deposits of potassium and magnesium. The potassium content was 70 times above normal.

Some investigators attribute the mutilations to aliens from UFOs. UFOs have been seen frequently around Dulce. Sightings of strange lights and other aerial phenomena have been reported in many areas where the cows have been found at the time of the reported mutilation.

On April 19, 1988, I arrived in Dulce to visit with Gabe Valdez and inquire about the sightings, the mutes, and the rumors of an underground alien base. Snow was still on the ground. I checked into the Best Western Motel and called Valdez to make an appointment to see me at 9:30 PM. I found Gabe to be a very congenial host, offering to show me around the roads of Dulce that night and point out some various locations where he had found mutilated cows or had seen strange aerial lights. He made the astounding statement that he was still seeing unidentified aircraft at the rate of one every two nights.

We took a look at the Gomez Ranch, the road by the Navajo River, and the imposing Archuleta Mesa. Gabe had found landing tracks and crawler marks near the site of the mutes, and was convinced that scientist Paul Bennewitz of Thunder Scientific Labs in Albuquerque, was definitely on the right track in his attempts to locate the underground alien facility in the vicinity of Dulce. No one knew for sure where the facility was located or how humans or aliens gained secret entry to the facility.

I had first heard of Paul Bennewitz in 1980 when my friend Walter called me from Albuquerque and told me he had been working with Paul on electronic instruments. Walter informed me that Paul had not only photographed UFOs, but had established a communication link with their underground base at Dulce. Bennewitz had first come to prominence during the August, 1980, sightings over the Manzano Weapons Storage Area at Kirtland AFB. A Kirtland AFB incident report dated October 28, 1980 mentions that Bennewitz had taken film of the UFOs over Kirtland. Paul, who was president of the Thunder Scientific Labs which was adjacent to Kirtland gave a briefing in Albuquerque detailing how he had seen the aliens on a video screen. At the time, the aliens were transmitting signals to him from a base underneath Archuleta Mesa.

Researcher William Moore claims that the government agents became interested in Bennewitz's activities and were trying to defuse him by pumping as much disinformation through him as he could absorb. Whether Paul's communication with supposed aliens at the Dulce Base was part of this disinformation campaign is unclear. If we believe that Paul is the single source of reports on the Dulce Facility, then discounting Paul's story and discrediting him could be a tactical maneuver. The actual disinformation maneuver would result in making the public believe there was nothing to the Dulce story."


If you are interest in this metter you have to reed this book o
The Dulce Report: Investigating Alleged Human Rights Abuses at a Joint US Government-ExtraterrestrialBase at Dulce, New Mexico An Independent Report by © Dr Michael E. Sallak"

"Project Subterrene" and the D U M B s - Deep Underground Military Bases

The US military has built at least 140 Deep Underground Military Bases (known as D.U.M.B.s because the general public is too dumb to realize). Worldwide there are nearly 15,000. Reportedly under construction since the 1940s, these bases are on average the size of a small city, 10 - 30 miles across with an average depth of 4 miles. They are carved out by massive nuclear powered laser drilling machines and connected by underground mag-lev train lines. The bases are stocked with food/supplies and have the ability to grow crops with artificial lighting. Why do you think governments around the world are building huge networks of underground cities? Why are they secret? Where do you think the money comes from to build these?

Photo of United States Air Force tunnel boring machine at Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, USA, December 1982. There are many rumors of secret military tunnels in the United States. If the rumors are true, machines such as the one shown here are used to make the tunnels. (Source: U.S. Department of Energy.)

This is a $13 million tunnel boring machine (TBM) used for tunneling at the Nevada Test Site. (Remember that Area 51 is part of the test site.) Many other types of TBMs are used by many government agencies, including the 'nuclear powered TBM' [NTBM] that melts solid rock and leaves behind glass-like walls.

Most tunneling activity is under military installations and all information is highly restricted. Former employees of said facilities have surfaced over the years to talk of massive underground installations in places like Area 51, the Northrop facility in Antelope Valley, California (rumored to have 42 levels), and the Lockheed installation near Edwards, California.

The 'Black Budget' currently consumes $1.25 trillion per year. At least this amount is used in black programs, like those concerned with deep underground military bases. Presently, there are 129 deep underground military bases in the United States. They have been building these 129 bases day and night, unceasingly, since the early 1940's. Some of them were built even earlier than that. These bases are basically large cities underground connected by high-speed magneto-leviton trains that have speeds up to Mach 2. Several books have been written about this activity.

The average depth of these bases is over a mile, and they again are basically whole cities underground. They all are between 2.66 and 4.25 cubic miles in size. They have laser-drilling machines that can drill a tunnel seven miles long in one day. I was involved in building an addition to the deep underground military base at Dulce, which is probably the deepest base. It goes down seven levels and over 2.5 miles deep. I helped hollow out more than 13 deep underground military bases in the United States.

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More thought-provoking images of tunnel boring equipment:













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From Dr Bill Deagle's December 2006 Granada Forum Lecture:

I took care of John Fialla, who was best friends with Phil Schneider. How many people know about Phil Schneider? Well, they were using tunneling machines back in the mid-90s that could tunnel through a rock face at seven miles per day, that could cut through a rock face with high-energy impact lasers that could blow the nano-sized particles of rock so that there was no debris left, forming an obsidian-like core, and laying an inner core for unidirectional maglev trains that travel at Mach 2 to 2.8 underground between these very very powerful and organized cities.

There's 132 under the United States, an average of 5.36 to 7.24 cubic miles in size at an average of 1.5 to 4.5 miles underground, built, by and large, most of them in areas away from geotectonic areas - but there's going to be lots of new geotectonic faults established when you have force 11, 12, 13, 14 earthquakes hit the Earth.
Why are they rushing to do this? Because they know that catastrophe is coming. And where's this money coming from? It's not coming from our regular Black Op budget. It's coming from the illegal sale of drugs. In the United States there's at least, by conservative estimates, a quarter of a trillion to a half a trillion of illegal drugs just sold in the United States that goes directly into underground budgets, and 90-95% goes to the DUMBs [Deep Underground Military Bases].

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The following was written by Richard Sauder, PhD, adapted from his book Underground Bases and Tunnels:

The nuclear subterrene (rhymes with 'submarine') was designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, in New Mexico. A number of patents were filed by scientists at Los Alamos, a few federal technical documents were written - and then the whole thing just sort of faded away.

Or did it?

Nuclear subterrenes work by melting their way through the rock and soil, actually vitrifying it as they go, and leaving a neat, solidly glass-lined tunnel behind them.

The heat is supplied by a compact nuclear reactor that circulates liquid lithium from the reactor core to the tunnel face, where it melts the rock. In the process of melting the rock the lithium loses some of its heat. It is then circulated back along the exterior of the tunneling machine to help cool the vitrified rock as the tunneling machine forces its way forward. The cooled lithium then circulates back to the reactor where the whole cycle starts over. In this way the nuclear subterrene slices through the rock like a nuclear powered, 2,000 degree Fahrenheit (1,100 Celsius) earthworm, boring its way deep underground.

The United States Atomic Energy Commission and the United States Energy Research and Development Administration took out Patents in the 1970s for nuclear subterrenes. The first patent, in 1972 went to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

The nuclear subterrene has an advantage over mechanical TBMs in that it produces no muck that must be disposed of by conveyors, trains, trucks, etc. This greatly simplifies tunneling. If nuclear subterrenes actually exist (and I do not know if they do) their presence, and the tunnels they make, could be very hard to detect, for the simple reason that there would not be the tell-tale muck piles or tailings dumps that are associated with the conventional tunneling activities.

The 1972 patent makes this clear. It states:

"... (D)ebris may be disposed of as melted rock both as a lining for the hole and as a dispersal in cracks produced in the surrounding rock. The rock-melting drill is of a shape and is propelled under sufficient pressure to produce and extend cracks in solid rock radially around the bore by means of hydrostatic pressure developed in the molten rock ahead of the advancing rock drill penetrator. All melt not used in glass-lining the bore is forced into the cracks where it freezes and remains ...

"... Such a (vitreous) lining eliminates, in most cases, the expensive and cumbersome problem of debris elimination and at the same time achieves the advantage of a casing type of bore hole liner."

(U.S. Patent No. 3,693,731 dated Sept. 26, 1972)

There you have it: a tunneling machine that creates no muck, and leaves a smooth, vitreous (glassy) tunnel lining behind.

Another patent three years later was for:

A tunneling machine for producing large tunnels in soft rock or wet, clayey, unconsolidated or bouldery earth by simultaneously detaching the tunnel core by thermal melting a boundary kerf into the tunnel face and forming a supporting excavation wall liner by deflecting the molten materials against the excavation walls to provide, when solidified, a continuous wall supporting liner, and detaching the tunnel face circumscribed by the kerf with powered mechanical earth detachment means and in which the heat required for melting the kerf and liner material is provided by a compact nuclear reactor.

This 1975 patent further specifies that the machine is intended to excavate tunnels up to 12 meters in diameter or more. This means tunnels of 40 ft. or more in diameter. The kerf is the outside boundary of the tunnel wall that a boring machine gouges out as it bores through the ground or rock. So, in ordinary English, this machine will melt a circular boundary into the tunnel face. The melted rock will be forced to the outside of the tunnel by the tunnel machine, where it will form a hard, glassy tunnel lining (see the appropriate detail in the patent itself, as shown in Illustration 41). At the same time, mechanical tunnel boring equipment will grind up the rock and soil detached by the melted kerf and pass it to the rear of the machine for disposal by conveyor, slurry pipeline, etc.

And yet a third patent was issued to the United States Energy Research and Development Administration just 21 days later, on 27 May 1975 for a machine remarkably similar to the machine patented on 6 May 1975. The abstract describes:

A tunneling machine for producing large tunnels in rock by progressive detachment of the tunnel core by thermal melting a boundary kerf into the tunnel face and simultaneously forming an initial tunnel wall support by deflecting the molten materials against the tunnel walls to provide, when solidified, a continuous liner; and fragmenting the tunnel core circumscribed by the kerf by thermal stress fracturing and in which the heat required for such operations is supplied by a compact nuclear reactor.

This machine would also be capable of making a glass-lined tunnel of 40 ft. in diameter or more.

Perhaps some of my readers have heard the same rumors that I have heard swirling in the UFO literature and on the UFO grapevine: stories of deep, secret, glass-walled tunnels excavated by laser powered tunneling machines. I do not know if these stories are true. If they are, however, it may be that the glass-walled tunnels are made by the nuclear subterrenes described in these patents. The careful reader will note that all of these patents were obtained by agencies of the United States government. Further, all but one of the inventors are from Los Alamos, New Mexico. Of course, Los Alamos National Lab is itself the subject of considerable rumors about underground tunnels and chambers, Little Greys or "EBEs", and various other covert goings-on.

A 1973 Los Alamos study entitled Systems and Cost Analysis for a Nuclear Subterrene Tunneling Machine: A Preliminary Study, concluded that nuclear subterrene tunneling machines (NSTMs) would be very cost effective, compared to conventional TBMs.

It stated:

Tunneling costs for NSTMs are very close to those for TBMs, if operating conditions for TBMs are favorable. However, for variable formations and unfavorable conditions such as soft, wet, bouldery ground or very hard rock, the NSTMs are far more effective. Estimates of cost and percentage use of NSTMs to satisfy U.S. transportation tunnel demands indicate a potential cost savings of 850 million dollars (1969 dollars) throughout 1990. An estimated NSTM prototype demonstration cost of $100 million over an eight-year period results in a favorable benefit-to-cost ratio of 8.5.

...Was the 1973 feasibility study only idle speculation, and is the astonishingly similar patent two years later only a wild coincidence? As many a frustrated inventor will tell you, the U.S. Patent Office only issues the paperwork when it's satisfied that the thing in question actually works!

In 1975 the National Science Foundation commissioned another cost analysis of the nuclear subterrene. The A.A. Mathews Construction and Engineering Company of Rockville, Maryland produced a comprehensive report with two, separate, lengthy appendices, one 235 and the other 328 pages.

A.A. Mathews calculated costs for constructing three different sized tunnels in the Southern California area in 1974. The three tunnel diameters were:

a) 3.05 meters (10 ft.)
b) 4.73 meters (15.5 ft.)

c) 6.25 meters (20.5 ft.)

Comparing the cost of using NSTMs to the cost of mechanical TBMs, A.A. Mathews determined:

Savings of 12 percent for the 4.73 meter (15.5 ft.) tunnel and 6 percent for the 6.25 meter (20.5 foot) tunnel were found to be possible using the NSTM as compared to current methods. A penalty of 30 percent was found for the 3.05 meter (10 foot) tunnel using the NSTM. The cost advantage for the NSTM results from the combination of,

(a) a capital rather than labor intensive system,

(b) formation of both initial support and final lining in conjunction with the excavation process.

This report has a number of interesting features. It is noteworthy in the first place that the government commissioned such a lengthy and detailed analysis of the cost of operating a nuclear subterrenes. Just as intriguing is the fact that the study found that the tunnels in the 15 ft. to 20 ft. diameter range can be more economically excavated by NSTMs than by conventional TBMs.

Finally, the southern California location that was chosen for tunneling cost analysis is thought provoking. This is precisely one of the regions of the West where there is rumored to be a secret tunnel system. Did the A.A. Mathews study represent part of the planning for an actual covert tunneling project that was subsequently carried out, when it was determined that it was more cost effective to use NSTMs than mechanical TBMs?

Whether or not nuclear subterrene tunneling machines have been used, or are being used, for subterranean tunneling is a question I cannot presently answer.

The Phil Schneider's Dulce Base event

The man that killed 2 alien greys

The Fire Fight At Dulce Base ( Phil Schneider's own words)
"Back in 1954, under the Eisenhower administration, the federal government decided to circumvent the Constitution of the United States and form a treaty with alien entities. It was called the 1954 Grenada Treaty, which basically made the agreement that the aliens involved could take a few cows and test their implanting techniques on a few human beings, but that they had to give details about the people involved. Slowly, the aliens altered the bargain until they decided they wouldn't abide by it at all. Back in 1979, this was the reality, and the fire-fight at Dulce occurred quite by accident.

"I was involved in building an addition to the deep underground military base at Dulce, which is probably the deepest base. It goes down seven levels and over 2.5 miles deep. At that particular time, we had drilled four distinct holes in the desert, and we were going to link them together and blow out large sections at a time. My job was to go down the holes and check the rock samples, and recommend the explosive to deal with the particular rock. As I was headed down there, we found ourselves amidst a large cavern that was full of outer-space aliens, otherwise known as large Greys. I shot two of them. At that time, there were 30 people down there. About 40 more came down after this started, and all of them got killed. We had surprised a whole underground base of existing aliens. Later, we found out that they had been living on our planet for a long time, perhaps a million years. This could explain a lot of what is behind the theory of ancient astronauts.

"Anyway, I got shot in the chest with one of their weapons, which was a box on their body, that blew a hole in me and gave me a nasty dose of cobalt radiation. I have had cancer because of that.

"I didn't get really interested in UFO technology until I started work at Area 51, north of Las Vegas. After about two years recuperating after the 1979 incident, I went back to work for Morrison and Knudson, EG&G and other companies. At Area 51, they were testing all kinds of peculiar spacecraft. How many people here are familiar with Bob Lazar's story? He was a physicist working at Area 51 trying to decipher the propulsion factor in some of these craft.

PHILIP SCHNEIDER. DULCE ALIEN CONFRONTATION.

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Ancient Aliens - Underground Aliens S02 E04

The Underground - A Hidden Reality and The True Story of Phil Schneider

The silent victims of the Caos, Hundreds of dogs and cats wandering lost in northeastern Japan

Starving, wounded, separated from their owners, hundreds of domestic animals roam the desolate landscape of northeastern Japan, the hardest hit by the earthquake followed by tsunami, on 11 March between the various rescue and relief teams who arrived from various parts of the world, some are dedicated solely to saving dogs and cats. "In the areas most affected, we have found no sign of animal life, " he said, AFP, Ashley frun, association PETA. "In some places, we saw footprints in the mud, but these have not led us anywhere, we did not find any animal. "
However, little by little, begin to emerge from the household affected by the disaster dogs and cats that escaped the giant waves. Many people abandoned their pets as soon as the alarm sounded for tsunami, which forced them to survive in an extremely hostile environment, without food or water.

 
The organization Japan Earthquake Animal Rescue and Support (jears), a coalition of animal protection associations soon after the disaster, has spent the last two weeks on the ground, looking for those unprotected animals. Their teams, which integrate volunteer veterinarians, delivering food and medical care for injured animals and tries to find a shelter for those who have lost their owners. They also visit the refugee centers, where the animals are not always welcome.
"There were problems in certain refuges among people who have animals and those without, "said veterinarian Kazumasu Sasaki. "It's understandable. There are people who are allergic to dogs and others who complain that they are always barking. "Isabella Gallaon-Aoki, jears coordinator, added that these events have caused many people preferred to stay in their ruined houses with their animals.

Animal Rescue Groups in Japan Need Donations

Tragedy can breed solidarity, as evidenced by the animal rescue now under way in Japan after the tsunami.

Three animal rescue organizations, HEART-Tokushima, Animal Friends Niigata and Japan Cat Network, have joined together to form the Japan Earthquake Animal Rescue and Support (JEARS), a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping the animal victims of the earthquake and tsunami.

Their work includes searching for surviving animals, helping people who are not able to take their animals to evacuation shelters and collecting donations of funds and supplies.

Assisting JEARS is veterinary group, World Vets International Aid for Animals, which functions similarly to Doctors without Borders, sending veterinarians to give aid to the overwhelmed vets caring for wounded pets. According to their website, World Vets will provide long-term support to veterinarians and animals in Japan, whether it be months or years.

Currently mobilized in Japan, World Vets is asking for donations of de-worming medication, vaccinations, IV fluids, first-aid supplies and crates, which are in very high demand. If you’d like to donate these supplies, you can send them to World Vets Headquarters, 802 1st Ave N, Fargo ND 58102.

Another group, Animal Refuge Kansai, is taking as many animals as they can into their refuge center in the western part of Japan.
Japan Animal Rescue Contact Info

If you would like to donate to the animal rescue efforts in Japan, please contact one of these organizations.
Japan Earthquake Animal Rescue and Support. Those who wish may donate by paypal to donate@jears.org. For updates, visit them on Facebook.
World Vets, www.worldvets.org: Donations will go toward mobilizing supplies, gear and a first responder team. Make a donation on the group’s website.
Animal Refuge Kansai is a rescue group located in the western region of Japan and is assisting with rescue efforts. Donate by paypal at www.arkbark.net.

Ultimate Loyalty

Emerging coverage from Japan offers a moving example of ultimate dog loyalty, and clearly illustrates the challenges faced by animal victims of the earthquake and tsunami. The dogs were picked up after the video was filmed, and are in the care of a local shelter.

Ultimate Loyalty: Japanese Dog Refuses to Leave Injured Friend Behind

Happy end 

The dog who was rescued on Thursday from the wreckage caused by the tsunami of March 11 in Japan today reunited the owner.

  
The meeting was possible because the owner recognized the animal in television footage broadcast last week during the rescue of the animal and it was then moved to the shelter where the dog was placed. Hardly saw the dog jumped into the lap of the lady.

 

See the video of the reunion and redemption of the animal:

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If you are a caring owner of one or several pets you should always take into account that in case of catastrophe the animals are always the last to be rescued, and so YOU have all the responsibility on to safeguard their survival, you should have a reserve of ration for a week, drinking water enough to count all the animals you have at home, some medicines such as antibiotics and a first aid kit  IF YOU LIKE YOUR PETS ensures their survival !!

The Tunguska event

At dawn on a summer day 103 years ago on the banks of the river Podkamennaya Tunguska, Siberia. The first rays of sun warmed the pine forest wild and wet ponds, when the sky exploded and the ground felt its fury.

Tunguska Explosion 30 July 1908

Around 7:15 that morning June 30, 1908 a shock wave about a thousand times stronger than the Hiroshima bomb devastated 80 million trees over 2,000 square kilometers of forest. Reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes and thousands of other animals fell along with the vegetation the area never fully recovered himself.
The Tunguska explosion was the biggest impact that Earth suffered throughout the history of civilized man. Similar events, even in ancient times, remained unknown until the advent of satellites.Although the epicenter was deserted, people in hundreds of places in Asia and Europe witnessed the incident. The stories were remarkable. Strong heat waves, intense winds, horrific crashes and earthquakes were reported. Many saw a ball of fire and its tail in rushing smoky horizon.The night sky was glowing for weeks, as the amount of dust released into the stratosphere by the blast. In London, more than 10,000 km, one could read a newspaper at night, with only this light. Across the ocean, the Smithsonian American Observatory recorded a decrease in atmospheric transparency that lasted for months.

Spectacular eventWhat happened? Of course there was much curiosity as much as lay scientists. But the first expedition to examine the region left more than a decade later, in 1921. On occasion, the Soviet geologist Leonid Kulik failed to achieve the exact location, and deduced that the event was due to fall of a large meteorite.
This hypothesis eventually persuaded the Soviet government to fund another expedition in 1927, attracted by the possibility of finding a meteorite iron of commercial value. But no crater was found, much less a meteorite. Other expeditions have confirmed this lack.
It was calculated that the magnitude of the blast was between 10 and 15 million tons of dynamite. But the object that caused it has not touched the ground, smashing into the air, about 8 km high.
Until now the most intense event similar happened in 1930 on the river Corucia, Amazonas, reaching a maximum energy of one million tons of dynamite.
Rejected the assumption of a meteorite, but taking into account the reports of the fireball, a hypothesis emerged even more spectacular - and most likely: in 1908, a piece of comet collided with Earth.

Tunguska / Тунгуска

Comet or asteroid?

A comet is made mostly of ice. Ice water and a little methane and ammonia. Upon entering Earth's atmosphere a small comet is usually evaporates before touching the ground, yet could produce a bright fireball and a powerful shock wave and heat, to raze the surface without leaving an impact crater. The only traces in the soil were very small diamonds and tiny spheres of glass (silica), with high concentrations of iridium and nickel, which would prove the extraterrestrial origin. Tunguska expeditions sent in 1950 found just such evidence.
Much more recently, in 2007, Mark Boslough and his group at Sandia National Laboratories first used supercomputers to simulate in three dimensions the Tunguska event. The strategy resulted in an entirely new framework. And scary.

Before, it was assumed that a piece of comet the size of a football field, weighing a million tons and moving at 108,000 km / h would have caused the explosion. However, the simulations suggest that a small asteroid would have the same effect.

The projectile would be increasingly compressed by the increasing resistance of Earth's atmosphere, to the point where they explode in the air, producing a violent flow of heated gas that would continue the path to the ground. The estimates now range from 3 to 5 million tons of dynamite enough energy to cause the shock wave of Tunguska.
 The study of the Sandia lab enhances our understanding of the mechanism of explosion, but he warns. The number of potentially hazardous asteroids is much larger than that of comets. Whatever it is, the possibility to happen again requires the preparation of a good defense strategy. Because the Earth's rotation, if the collision had occurred in Tunguska about 4 ½ hours later, the city of St. Petersburg, former capital of the Russian empire, would have been wiped out forever.

For 100 years the world population has hovered around 1 ½ billion people. Today we are almost 7 billion, occupying more space, especially in coastal areas. The destructive potential of a new Tunguska is incalculably greater. Worse still occur over the sea. And the question is not whether it will happen again, but when.

Alternative theories
 

The so-called natural "H-bomb" theory

 Could exotic material in a comet have initiated a natural thermo-nuclear chain reaction in the Earth's atmosphere leading to the Tunguska Event?

Two scientists, Serge J.D. D'Alessio and Archie A. Harms thought it possible in 1989. They theorized that a comet may have been carrying the element deuterium a component of nuclear fusion. The interaction with the atmosphere could have created a kinetic release of energy triggering a natural hydrogen bomb detonation. In 1990, Csar Sirvent, a nuclear physicist came to the same idea independent of D'Alessio and Harms.

However, subsequent studies have found no evidence of any radioactive isotopes in the blast area. The probabilities of a nuclear explosion are statistically zero.

The black hole theory

The idea of black holes has been kicked around since the late 1960s, but it wasn't until 1973 that two physicist, Albert A. Jackson and Michael P. Ryan from the University of Texas, postulated that the explosion might have been triggered by a microscopic black hole tunneling through the Earth. The weakness in this hypothesis is that no seismic activity was detected in the North Atlantic where the black hole would have emerged. Nor would it account for the dust trails in the upper atmosphere that were recorded after the explosion.

The proposed theory of antimatter particles

Back in 1941 an explanation for the explosion was hazarded by Lincoln Paz that involved the interaction of anti-matter particles with Earth. Fourteen years later during 1965 three other scientists, Chandra Atluri, Clyde Cowan and Willard Libby picked up the thread from Paz and postulated that anti-matter was the cause behind the event. The hypotheses is flawed, however, as no evidence exists that is what occurred. Furthermore, if events of this nature have occurred, astronomical evidence should be rife throughout our galaxy. Anti- matter/matter collisions would result in annihilation and produce a constant stream of gamma rays.

The theory of an alien spaceship crash

Called by some UFO theorists "The Russian Roswell," referring to the alleged saucer crash in Roswell, New Mexico during July, 1949, claims have been made that extra-terrestrial spacecraft debris has been secretly recovered from the blast area.

They claim that a UFO blew up over the Siberian forest in 1908.

Earlier this year, in March of 2009, the president of a dubious organization called the "Tunguska Spatial Phenomenon Foundation" reiterated all the claims made about an alien spacecraft being the cause of the explosion.

Dr. Yuri Labvin claimed that alien quartz slabs inscribed with a strange language had been retrieved at the epicenter of the blast site.

He further insisted that these slabs were all that were left of the main control panel of the UFO.

While these otherworldly conspiracy theories do nothing to advance the serious investigation of the Tunguska Event, they are creative and mildly amusing.

The Tesla connection

Without a doubt, the most fascinating theory to emerge in the great debate over the Tunguska Event is the contention the explosion was caused by Nikola Tesla, in other words it was man-made.

This controversial theory has been promoted during the past several years by Oliver Nichelson and others.

Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943) is perhaps the greatest overlooked genius in American history. His inventions are legion and his investigations into the nature of electricity and magnetism are still finding applications today.

Among his many accomplishments, Tesla developed the technology that enabled television to become a reality; he enabled Edison's power plants to transmit electricity 1000 times farther than Edison's method; and he built and tested radio long before Marconi.

In one of those flukes of history, Tesla - a perfectionist - finally brought his radio transceiver (far superior to Marconi's rudimentary device) to the U.S. Patent Office two days after Marconi's application. The patent, of course, was awarded to Marconi.

Among Tesla's many inventions was broadcast power. His devices enabled machinery to run without being plugged in to an electrical grid. In his world, the entire Earth was an electrical grid.

While his broadcast power experiments made world news, his greatest project - one that later led to his infamous death ray experiments - was the broadcast tower in Colorado Springs. That tower was the precursor to his Wardenclyffe Tower project in Shoreham, Long Island, New York that was never fully completed.

In a letter to the New York Times dated April 1908 Tesla expanded upon his idea of destruction by electrical beams. He wrote, "When I spoke of future warfare I meant that it should be conducted by direct application of electrical waves without the use of aerial engines or other implements of destruction." Then he went on to add, "This is not a dream. Even now wireless power plants could be constructed by which any region of the globe might be rendered uninhabitable without subjecting the population of other parts to serious danger or inconvenience."

Tesla knew what he was talking about. He had constructed such towers and seen first-hand what they could do. They were capable of generating great destructive power arriving at the speed of light anywhere...

Read the rest of Terrence's article on Helium.com: History mystery: Tunguska explosion of 1908 - helium.com

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